Measure for Measure Free Essays

The Following dialogue is spoken by Duke Vicentio in Shakespeare’s ‘Measure for Measure’, Act 3, scene 1. Duke Vicentio makes Lord Angelo the leader of Vienna temporarily and pretends to leave but instead dresses as a friar to observe the goings in his absence. Angelo is strict, moralistic, and unwavering in his decision-making; he decides that there is too much freedom in Vienna and takes it upon himself to rid the city of brothels and unlawful sexual activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Measure for Measure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Claudio is arrested for impregnating Juliet, his lover, before they were married. Claudio is sentenced to death in order to serve as an example to the other Viennese citizens. Vienna already has strict rules against these unlawful activities. But the rules were not being followed strictly. It is true that whoever enforces these rules will obviously become unpopular with the public. Hence the Duke cleverly arranges Angelo to do this enforcement. Hence he tells Friar Thomas, ‘We have strict statutes and most biting laws. The needful bits and curbs to headstrong weeds,  Which for this nineteen years we have let slip;’ He refer to ‘o’ergrown lion in a cave’ which is actually a reference to himself. The words like ‘lion’, ‘prey’ are significant here as they denote the extreme measure the Duke has in his mind. The punishment given by Angelo is already in the mind of the Duke. But fearing unpopularity he makes the latter the scapegoat and achieves his objective. The Duke refers to ‘terror’, which is a little more that what Angelo is capable of. In the following passage,   Ã¢â‚¬ËœFor terror, not to use, in time the rod Becomes more mock’d than fear’d; so our decrees, Dead to infliction, to themselves are dead; And liberty plucks justice by the nose; the baby beats the nurse, and quite athwart Goes all decorum’, one can understand that the Duke has accessed his town’s situation thoroughly. In spite of knowing all this, what would have made the Duke pretend to leave Vienna under the care of Angelo in the first place? The next question would be why Angelo. This particular passage answers these questions. The Duke is a clever man who knows his moves precisely. He uses Angelo because he is strict and a Moralist. He has judged Angelo’s credential well enough to know that this man would bring havoc by over stressing on following the rules. The Duke expected an uproar in the town and in the opportune moment he would come and release those in Angelo’s captivation. This way the Duke plans to enforce the rule   and at the same time not get into the bad books of his subject. As per his plan everything turned out well and he gained popularity by releasing Claudio. He also utilized the women to heighten the seriousness of the situation. The passage is also significant in showing the intensity of feeling of the Duke about Justice prevailing in his town. It is an indication that he may take to deception or any other means to make Justice prevail. This passage forms the essence of the attitude of the Duke. How to cite Measure for Measure, Essay examples

Management Theory and Practice Economic Benefits

Question: Discuss about theManagement Theory and Practicefor Economic Benefits. Answer: Introduction Corporate social responsibility is a type of business approach which helps the organization to maintain their sustainability within the market in future. The companies are able to maintain the sustainable development of their business by providing social, environmental and economic benefits to their stakeholders. In the recent days, the activities related to the corporate social responsibility are very important for any business corporation (Clarke, 2014). By the help of these CSR activities, the companies are able to improve the relationships between the organization and the stakeholders of that particular organization. Nowadays, the business employers engage their focus on performing some social activities like the well-being of society, health, safety, education and the entire environment. Corporate social responsibilities help the organization to provide a clear idea about the organizational goals to their stakeholders considering their each and every expectation. Recently, the C SR is an important activity which is incorporated by every business employer within the market strategy to develop and increase the growth rate of their organization (Collins, 2013). Several bid and middle size organizations already incorporate the corporate social activities into their future marketing strategy to maintain the sustainability of the business process. For these reasons, within those organizations, CSR has a great impact on the organizational development and growth. By the help of these CSR activities, the organizations are able to influence their society and surrounding environment. There have no companies who have the ability to run the business independently. Each and every company is bound to think about the welfares of the society and community within the environment. For getting strategic advantages for the company in future and for maintaining the uniqueness of the organization, the organizations need to perform some socially responsible activities. Within this research paper, the researchers explain about the application, responsibility, and evaluation of the CSR activities in Telstra Company. Main Context According to the Telstra Company, CSR is actually a value-based approach to their organization towards the environment. They consider the CSR activities as their responsibility and humanity towards the society and environment. The reporting of CSR in Telstra is managed by Community Relation Group of Corporate Relations which is a part of Communication Business unit and Public Policy (Sutherland Sutherland, 2016). Recently, the CSR is an important activity which is incorporated by every business employer within the market strategy to develop and increase the growth rate of their organization. During the period of the financial year of 2004, the Telstra Company introduces a program and named it "Mental Health-Creating a supportive workplace". By the help of this program, the Telstra Company can able to increase the awareness regarding the issues of mental health and also help the company by providing support to their employees within the workplace (Pinto Villiers, 2012). Telstra also supports several numbers of awareness and health programs. They also celebrate National Skin Cancer Action week to aware the people about the impacts of Skin Cancer. They also celebrate Womens day to motivate the women and aware them about their rights through all over the world. After that, the women representation within the management of Telstra increases from 19.86% to 21.1% in the financial year 2004 to 2005. In the recent year, Telstra Company again provides a benefit of $160 million to the low-income Australians. They provide this benefit through a range of services, products, and concessions. CSR has become a competitive advantage for Telstra. By the help of CSR, Telstra can able to differentiate their company from their competitor companies. Corporate Social Responsibility can also able to reduce the effort of marketing towards their employees and customers regarding the brands (PINTO DE VILLIERS, 2014). By the help of the corporate social responsibilities, the Telstra Company can able to reach every corner of the world and also able to establish a strong brand image within the mind of the people through all over the world. They also provide relief packages to those people who are suffered from different types of natural disasters (Saxena et al., 2012). Corporate social responsibilities help the organization to provide a clear idea about the organizational goals to their stakeholders considering their each and every expectation. The growing numbers of Stakeholders which include customers, employees and shareholders always represent that the company is very successful and can able to become a good corporate citizen. Telstra is one of the leading telecommunication and information Service Company in Australia. They perform several CSR activities to maintain the sustainability of the company within the market. By the help of the annual report, the managers and marketers of the Telstra Company have the aim to give information about the issues related to the sustainability which is relevant for their business operation and also important for their stakeholders (Wreford et al., 2013). By the help of these CSR activities, the companies are able to improve the relationships between the organization and the stakeholders of that particular organization. The company can become more powerful when they show their growing interest in the social responsibility and performing ethical activities towards the society and environment (Davidson et al., 2014). Each and every company is bound to think about the welfares of the society and community within the environment. For getting strategic advantages for the compa ny in future and for maintaining the uniqueness of the organization, the organizations need to perform some socially responsible activities. A positive impact of CSR on a company always helps the company to achieve success in future and also help them to increase the profitability. Conclusion The main aim of this research paper is to give a detail explanation about the fact that how corporate social responsibilities can influence the Telstra Company to develop their social needs. The actual aim of the activities related to the corporate social responsibility is to determine the responsibilities of an organization towards their environment and society at the time of running their business.In Telstra Company, the CSR is considered as charity and humanity, not as a business strategy. The Telstra Company also perform several activities or programs to aware the people and their employees about the issues related to mental health and skin cancer. By the help of these CSR activities, the Telstra Company is able to get huge success within the market. References Clarke, T. (2014). CSR provides the moral compass that will empower good corporate governance. Collins, R. (2013). Sustainability at the crossroads.Waste Management and Environment,24(2), 38. Sutherland, E., Sutherland, E. (2016). Corporate social responsibility: the case of the telecommunications sector.info,18(5), 24-44. Pinto, S., de Villiers, C. (2012). Do companies reduce CSR disclosures during recessions?. PINTO, S., DE VILLIERS, C. H. A. R. L., SAMKIN, G. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosures During the Global Financial Crisis: New Zealand evidence.New Zealand Journal of Applied Business Research (NZJABR),12(2). Saxena, P., Saxena, D., Kishore, N. (2012). Corporate Consciousness Towards Corporate Sustainability.Corporate Consciousness Towards Corporate Sustainability (August 19, 2012). Wreford, J., Davidson, F., Pervan, G., Penter, K. (2013, March). Opaque Indifference and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Moral License for Offshore BPO?. InInternational Workshop on Global Sourcing of Information Technology and Business Processes(pp. 192-209). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Davidson, F., Wreford, J., Pervan, G., Penter, K. (2014, March). Capturing CSR: Doing Good Offshore. InInternational Workshop on Global Sourcing of Information Technology and Business Processes(pp. 98-113). Springer International Publishing.

International Hotel Brand Management Strategies

Introduction Today, hotels are focusing on consistency and quality while offering the right price to the guests. This means that guest satisfaction and branding are the right tools to use since the products and services offered are unseen. Branding is used to promote quality by offering guests information that they require while enticing them to use the products and services.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Hotel Brand Management Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It can be a valuable strategy for gaining a competitive advantage over the rest of the competitors. Hotels can maximize this strategy by offering a variety of brands for the same product while targeting different markets. The brand value is determined by the level of awareness that customers have concerning a certain brand. This means that the quality of the products and services offered by a hotel is determined by the customerâ⠂¬â„¢s perception and the satisfaction obtained from the information provided. In hospitality, when customers are satisfied, they purchase more, become less price conscious, and attract more customers by informing their close friends. When this happens, a hotel gains a lot of customers and the revenue increases (O’Neill, 2004). This article will discuss on the various ways through which a hotel can gain a competitive advantage through branding. It will also provide insights for managers to apply in branding and customer satisfaction. Hotel Brand Management in Relation Customer Satisfaction The hotel industry has focused its attention on customer satisfaction, and this has been used to measure the operational success. It has also been used to measure whether the branding strategies used are effective in increasing productivity. Therefore, branding affects customer satisfaction directly and is used to increase the market share. When assessed from a corporate strategy’s p oint of view, brands that are well managed reflect an increase in market share. However, the results from service quality research indicate mixed results. This means that service quality can only be achieved when guests have an opportunity to experience a hotel’s service while branding is open to a wider market. It reaches potential customers whose perception can only be obtained from the information that they get (Yap, 2006).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This prompts hotel managers to concentrate on market awareness and build their brands. This is because customers are attracted by what they are told and not the experience. Some of the most established brands, which are well known in the market, always receive positive feedback from the guests. This is because customers already have a mindset that the products and services offered are excellent. Thus, a hotel can create customer confidence by focusing on extensive marketing to provide awareness in various markets. Newly established hotels have opted to franchise so as to market their products and services using the well known brands in the market. Managers should focus on protecting their brands because this is what defines the quality of the products and services offered (Mattila O’Neill, 2010). A high market share illustrates enhanced quality. This serves to escalate demand in the future. This explains why the market leaders use market share as the selling point to attract customers. They use messages such as â€Å"we are the leading hotel chain in the world†. Customers perceive such a message to mean that all the other people go to that chain of hotel, and they have to go for the best by consuming its products and services. Perceived quality is linked to market share and the two concepts work together in increasing revenue. This implies that when guests visit the hotel for the first time, and they are satisfied, the occupancy rates will go high in the next visit. This is because such customers influence others. The guests attracted by others through the word of mouth are more than those who are influenced by the services offered. Therefore, product awareness is a strategy that gives a hotel competitive advantage and should be applied in any opportunity that the management gets (Krishnan, 1996). For instance, when guests visit the hotel, they should be satisfied by delivering what is promised to encourage them to come back with others. Advertising is also a tool that can be used to create product knowledge. However, this should be diversified to ensure that every targeted market is presented with adverts that best fit them. This will impress the customers especially travelers who love a certain product. Accessing their most preferred product in a foreign country serves to attract customers, and make them remain loyal to a certain brand of hotel.Adverti sing We will write a custom essay sample on International Hotel Brand Management Strategies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Franchise in brand development Competitive advantage is also gained through branding by managing franchisees. Some hotels believe that their customers are not the guests who reside in their hotels but the franchisee. These are the primary customers who are monitored and managed to ensure that they do not taint the image of that brand. They work at ensuring that the franchisees meet and exceed the customer expectations. This is because customers come into the hotel with a perception about the products and services they are likely to get. This is based on the experience gained in a different hotel or the same hotel chain. Management ensures that standards used while serving customers are maintained and uniform in all the franchisees. This is meant to help maintain the customer perception. When guests experien ce quality services while at different destinations, their loyalty to a given brand is maintained. Also, they are likely to influence others to use the same brands. Thus, a happy customer comes with others and doubles the service provider’s revenues (O’Neill, 2004). Experienced hotel customers have confirmed the issue of market share and branding through a research that was carried out on frequent guests. Frequent quests always influence relatives, friends, and colleagues to visit their brands and experience the same products and services. This creates a chain that involves a wide network of individuals who get to know of the hotel brand through reference (Fung, 2010). Building Customer loyalty For a hotel to differentiate itself from the competitors, it has to grow its brand and make known of its outstanding services to the markets that it serves. This can only be achieved by conserving the market base that the hotel already has while seeking to expand into other mark ets (Pattni, 2006). This ensures that, while the hotel diversifies to create new markets, the existing customers also serve to create awareness. The hotel is expected to offer more than what the customer expects every time they visit the establishment to maintain the existing markets. This will always encourage the customer to share the new discoveries with others. Unlike a situation where a customer gets a similar experience to the last one, the customer is encouraged to visit and discover the new addition in the former experience. This is what makes frequent customers cease factoring the price aspect but concentrate on the hospitality experience that is likely to be offered next time.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The customers should be alerted on the new developments that they should expect to ensure that they are excited to revisit the hotel in the future. The issue of branding promotes this aspect because customers will feel like the hotel is providing all information that they yearn to learn about the hotel. Keeping the customer informed creates a brand loyalty and serves to increase the market share (Petzer, Steyn Mostert, 2008). There is an intense competition from international hotels that are offering low priced products and services to attract consumers. Therefore, there is a need to gain a competitive advantage that will make customers overlook the low prices and go for the perceived quality. When consumers pay higher prices from companies with an established brand name, they buy the positions of the minds of potential customers. Potential customers will be attracted by the preference shown by others and not the prices offered. They perceive the willingness to pay higher services as the quality attached to a given hotel brand (Keller, 1998). Therefore, awareness creates a reputation that is maintained by maintaining a favorable image and good guest relations. Building a brand is a gradual process that requires accuracy because a slight setback may bring the whole organization down. What the customers perceive as the best aspect of any given brand is what the management should focus on while improving to maintain and attract more guests. This can only be achieved by ensuring that consumers remember the brand they used last. A well known brand can remain in a customer’s memory for a long time as compared to a less common one. Awareness serves as a reminder to the customer that a brand exists. Also, this may attract them to discover the changes that may have occurred over time. Thus, customers should be aware of the expected changes for them to develop a perceived value through brand development (Kapferer, 2012). Business to Business Branding Business to business branding is a growing concept that helps in creating long lasting business relations. Given the nature of the hotel business, at times the hotel may be full; and this requires excess bookings to be transferred to another hotel that is likely to offer similar services (Jones, 2001). This is an extremely crucial area that managers can use to sell their products. The choice of the hotel with which to share business must be made exceptionally carefully. A frequent customer may have a perceived value that is purely based on the brand knowledge, and not the services offered. If such a customer is referred to another hotel, the customer assumes that the other hotel is at the same level as the preferred brand. If the guest does not experience the same service as expected, then the perceived values decrease based on the assumption that the two establishments are at par. Therefore, when demand is excess, the choice of a brand that is recommended to customers should be made carefully to ensure that the other hotel maintains the perceived value or even improves it. Subcontracting is a sensitive aspect that determines how the customer evaluates a brand. A poor service from a subcontractor may taint the hotel’s image and change the perceived value (Glynn Woodside, 2009; Sigala Jones, 2001). Brand Expression Brand expression is linked to the business strategies in use. Brand managers usually overlook the influences on the brand as it gets its way to the consumers. It is necessary to have a clear understanding of the brand so as to determine the responses that it may receive from the market. Managers should view all the elements of expressing the brand and determine the one to use and emphasize while manifesting the brand to the consumers (Cai Hobson, 2004). For instance, factors that influence the demand of a brand include a service such as the quality of the accommodation or even the food offered. For a manager to choose the brands’ selling point, there is a need to analyze the business strategies. This will ensure that the selling point delivers what the company promises to the consumers. Brand manifestations do not comprise merely of the advertising. However, this includes the experience that consumers get while using the brand (Mattila, 2004). Therefore, before providing any enticing information to consumers, the hotel must be the position to meet and even exceed the consumer expectations. Delivering a promise puts a hotel ahead of the competitors satisfies customers and translates to more business in the future (Gelder, 2005). Conclusion Branding has become a marketing strategy that hotels use to increase their market share and remain a head of their competitors. Using the brand as a competitive advantage is influenced by the level of customer satisfaction and the perceived value created. Therefore, the task is to ensure that the information provided to consumers is enticing to customers. Also, the information should mat ch the experience that customers get when they purchase products and services. Business to business strategy also helps in building the perceived value. Therefore, subcontracting must be made exceedingly carefully. Another issue is delivering what is promised to the customer. This promotes the chances of the customer coming back with others. If the first experience is unpleasant, the probability of coming back is low. Thus, quality is essential in the gradual development of market share. Brand expression and accurate product delivery are excellent strategies for obtaining and maintaining a competitive advantage over the rest of the competitors. References Cai, L.A. Hobson, J.S.P. (2004). Making hotel brands work in a competitive environment. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(3): 197-208. Fung, K.K. (2010). When experience matters: building and measuring hotel brand equity: The customers’ perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22(5): 589-60 8. Gelder, S.V. (2005). Global brand strategy: Unlocking brand potential across countries, cultures markets. London [u.a.]: Kogan Page. Glynn, M.S. Woodside, A.G. (2009). Business-to-business brand management: Theory, research and executive case study exercises. Bingley [u.a.: Emerald. Jones, P. (2001). Strategic implementation and IT: gaining competitive advantage from the hotel reservations process. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 13(7): 364-371. Kapferer, J.-N. (2012). The new strategic brand management: Advanced insights and strategic thinking. London: Kogan Page. Keller, K.L. (1998). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring and managing brand equity. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. Krishnan, H.S. (1996). Characteristics of Memory Associations: A Consumer Based Brand Equity Perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13: 389-405. Mattila, A.S. (2004). Hotel Branding Strategy: Its Relationship To Guest Satisfaction A nd Room Revenue. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research, 20(10): 1-10. Mattila, A.S. O’Neill, J.W. (2010). Hotel Brand Strategy. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 51(1): 27-34. Pattni, D.J. (2006). Strategic Sourcing for a Competitive Advantage in the Hotel Industry. Retrieved from: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=httpsredir=1article=1630context=thesesdissertations Petzer, D.J. Steyn, T.F. Mostert, P.G. (2008). Competitive marketing strategies of selected hotels: an exploratory study. Southern African Business Review. 12(2): 1-22. Sigala, M. Jones, P. (2001). Strategic Implementation and IT: Gaining Competitive Advantage from the Hotel Reservations Process. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 17 (3): 364-371. Yap, T.S.C. (2006). Corporate Branding: Its Role in Sustainable Competitive  advantage. Web. This essay on International Hotel Brand Management Strategies was written and submitted by user Hayley T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Diversification of religion in Australia through migrant processes

Diversification of religion in Australia through migrant processes Free Online Research Papers Migration to Australia over the past two hundred years, and particularly since 1945, has created the religious profile of Australian society. White settlement of Australia comprised migrants and convicts who were mainly Protestants and Catholics, with a small number of Jews. The post-second World War period brought greater religious diversity to Australian society. When Australia’s immigration policy was expanded to take in war refugees from East Europe and migrant labour to assist in post-war reconstruction, religious representations of Christian Orthodoxy and Judaism increased. In recent years, statistics indicate that accompanying the increase in migration from Asia and the Middle East is a corresponding increase in the representation of non-Christian religions in our society. (Cahill et al. 2004) Nevertheless, while the increase in non-Christian religious affiliation can be viewed as primarily consequence of Australia’s mass post-war immigration program, there is evidence that the rate of young Australian born people are joining the New Age religious groups fostering earth and nature based spiritualities. (Bouma 1997) This essay documents the rise of religious diversity and religious resurgence in Australia through migration processes. It then explores the emerging context for interreligious relations, Including competition and conflict. Finally, it addresses the concept of current roles of religious groups in producing and challenging social cohesion, particularly in a post-industrial context. Migrants and Religion Religion has two important dimensions the personal and the social, which have a significant impact on patterns of social interactions by migrants. Religion has a central place in establishing and supporting morality, and ordering the form and nature of much of migrants’ social behaviour. At the same time, religious affiliation is a very important element of individual identity. As a social institution, religion plays a major role in creating a just and orderly society. Religious affiliation is also an indicator of group membership. Emphasis on the social function of religion in the case of migrant groups is to be expected. Religious affiliation can serve as a counter to feelings of alienation and marginality with ethnic religious institutions consolidating ethnic loyalties and perpetuating cultural traditions. Benyei, Laszlo (An integration study of migrants in Australia) The diversification of religion in Australia The role of religion in reflecting the diversity of Australia society has been much discussed. The changes which have arisen from the increasing number of immigrants from backgrounds other than those white Europeans has resulted in the change from almost wholly Christian country to one great ethnic and religious mix. (Beer et al. 1991) Four forms of differentiation have radically transformed Australia’s religious life. There are more religious groups in Australia than ever before, but each one is much less homogeneous than it was before because migration and conversion have placed religions that previously dealt with each other only in stereotypes into direct relationship, and global communication technologies have brought the widest diversity of religious teaching and practice to every corner of the world. First, demographic changes in Australia’s religious diversity 1947–2001 are The basic drivers of religious change in Australia (Bouma 2002, 2006; Cahill et al. 2004). The proportion of Australians identifying with a Christian denomination has fallen from 88 per cent to 68 per cent; Catholics have grown significantly, while Anglicans, Presbyterians, Methodists and Uniting have halved, and Muslims and Buddhists have grown vigorously. (Source: ABS 2006 census) Second, there has been an increase in small Christian groups and spiritualities. The 27.9 per cent growth rate in ‘Other Christian’ groups includes the Mega-Churches and other non-denominational, often Pentecostal and usually evangelical congregations. The decline of those indicating that they have no religion, the rise of pagan and earth groups and the growth of those writing in something that is classified as ‘inadequately described’ indicate the growth of identification with spiritualities (Bouma 2006: 61). With these changes, religious and spiritual life has slipped from the control of once hegemonic religious organisations. As a result, religion and spirituality are now freely available in myriad forms requiring much less commitment and taking often very differently organised forms. Third, there has been a decline of national or regional organisational religious structures to pattern religious belief and practice. Separate congregational organisations with limited networks and no collective organ of responsibility are replacing once strong and vertically integrated Christian denominations. Of course, religious groups like Muslims, Jews, Buddhists and others have long lived without the kinds of organisational structures that have characterised Christianity. This increased diversity has resulted in changes to the relationship between Religious organisations and the State. Many religious groups have moved further from direct association with government, while at the same time religious welfare organisations have become largely dependent on state funding as the state has chosen to channel funds through ‘faith-based’ organisations. Fourth, there has been significant internal diversification of religious groups Such that religious diversity is often found to be at least as great within religious groups as between them. For example, the internal diversity of Anglicans is stretch to breaking point by current debates. The Charismatic movement has cut across denominational lines, as has liberalism, social concerns, and evangelicalism. It is no longer possible to speak of the Anglican, or Uniting, or Catholic, or Muslim point of view. Diversity within and between religious groups has greatly reduced the capacity of these older structures to deliver social cohesion. While increased diversity does not by itself threaten social cohesion, the differences between religious groups are real and can become sources of conflict. The consequence of the diversification of religious groups has been to render them much more difficult to manage to promote social cohesion through healthy interreligious relations. Moreover, it has again become clear that not all expressions of religion are moderate, innocuous or, for that matter, even safe. Some forms of religious expression found as minority perspectives within some religious groups can be consider socially toxic since they threaten social cohesion by impairing the ability of different groups to live together in peace and mutual respect. It is naive to ignore the possible harm some expressions of the religious life can have. Religious resurgence Religious life in the 21st century has taken on a renewed life that was unexpected and that many fears threaten social cohesion in some societies. Greater religious diversity in many societies has increased the salience of religious identity. There have also been increases in participation and the involvement of religion in politics. Far from disappearing as predicted (Davis 1949: 509–45), religion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has re-emerged as a substantial force in human social life. The resurgence of both religious practice and involvement in political life has been documented (Berger 1999; Bouma 2002, 2006; Martin 2005; Thomas 2005). While evidence of resurgence is found in Australia, where the secular press has been doubling the coverage of religious issues and politicians openly declare the religious bases of their policies. The fact that Europe appears to be an exceptional case, persisting in its own particular form of secularity, has been discussed (Davie 2002; Martin 2005). Resurgence can be detected not only among Christian and Muslim groups but also among Buddhists, Hindus and Sikhs and the array of spiritualities (Almond et al. 2003; Bouma 2006) and, within Christianity, The mega-church phenomenon (Chavez 2005; Connell 2005). Religious resurgence takes similar forms: increased intensity of commitment, increased salience of religious identity, the rise of puritanical extremes (Antoun 2001; Almond et al.2003; Porter 2006) and are turn to using political engagement to apply faith, whether by establishing Shariah Law in newly Muslim majority countries like Malaysia, by promoting the teaching of Creation Science in the United States, or by condemning particular patterns of sexuality (Bates 2004). The re-entry of religious values into political debates often brings into conflict the liberal and conservative sections of religious groups, as seen among Anglicans but also within Islam, Hinduism and Buddhism (Almond et al. 2003). Religious resurgence is most evident among more emotive and charismatic forms of spirituality and worship, particularly in the West where it forms part of the reaction against rational and propositional forms of Christianity (Bouma 2006). Religious resurgence causes societies to rethink the roles of religion in their social, cultural and political life. As they do this, the idea of what constitutes secularity is reconsidered (Fenn 2001; Martin 2005) and the philosophical foundations of secular society re-examined (Stark 2003; Milbank 2006). Fenn argues that secular societies are not irreligious as much as societies where the religious and spiritual are no longer under the control of religious organisations such as churches. Since the notion that religion is withering away is no longer tenable, the management of religious diversity becomes more critical. Increased religious competition and conflict As a result of post war migration, Australia has become a religiously plural and multicultural society, the increased religious diversity and religious resurgence will result of an increase in religious competition (Finke Stark 1998; Finke et al. 1996; Thomas 2005). Although Finke and Stark focus on the impact of competition on religious life, the nexus between religious plurality, competition and religious vitality is complex. Certainly, in Australia, plurality has led to an increase in vitality and competition. Although often confused with each other, competition is different from conflict and clarifying the difference is crucial (Bouma 2006). Religious competitors recognise the legitimate existence of each other and the right of the market to choose. In competing, religious groups often learn more about their own positions and their own approach to their faith, thus increasing the commitment of members and the salience of their faith. Religious conflict, in contrast, does not pro ceed on this assumption, but one group seeks to overcome, or eliminate the other to extinction. With increased diversity, increases in competition could be expected though whether this competition will shift to conflict depends on how religious difference is managed. Key examples of conflicts occurring within religious groups include the clash amongst Muslims over degree of strictness, political involvement, and appropriate forms of political order and theology (Hefner 2001; Bilgrami 2003). Conflicts between Shi’a and Sunni Muslims are largely over theological and ritual differences, but take on political dimensions when territory is share and questions of access to power emerge as in Iraq. Further examples are provided by internal wrangling in Christian denominations over the election of openly gay Anglican bishops, gay and lesbian marriage, abortion and church (Bates 2004;Wallis 2005; Porter 2006), And the emergence of the conservative evangelical Christian denial of belief in one and the same God for Jews, Christians and Muslims (Cimino 2005). In Australia, religious competition is largely within religious groups as they seek to attract adherents and commitment. Conflict includes religious vilification where one group incites hatred of or violence towards another. There have also been Australian cases of the use of law to limit rights to practise or build places of worship (Cahill et al. 2004: 75), harassment (HREOC 2004), but not the denial of the right of religious groups to exist. Social cohesion in post-industrial societies Religious diversity was a characteristic of the First Fleet and the society that has emerged in Australia. Australia has also been cohesive enough to be a successful society quite capable of producing, reproducing and responding creatively to change. Australia is not, and never has been, held together by similarity, or a single set of values. It is not a mechanically solidary society. Rather, interdependence has required each group and individual to make place for the other, to tolerate and even assist the other, because without the other, neither self nor society would survive. This foundational social fact qualifies and inspires the rhetoric about social cohesion. Australia is a congeries of groups, organisations and persons held together by interdependence. We simply need each other and so we put up with each other’s diversities, including religious diversities. We have also developed the social habit of tolerance and have supported social organisations that foster healthy religious beliefs. Australia is shifting from being an industrial society to a post-industrial society where consumption and service rather than production are central to the economy and to social and cultural life. The implications for religious life and social cohesion are only just becoming apparent. The role of religion is no longer to produce honest people in their dealings and cooperative with the system, but now to produce consumers. In addition, religion becomes something a person consumes through participation, identification and the purchase of identity supporting and declaring goods (Miller 2005). In this changed economic context, religions and spiritualities become consumer items available in a wide range of packaging and requiring different levels of investment to consume. They may neither unite nor divide, but simply represent a passing expression rather than a deep commitment to a group with a history, culture and set of relations with other groups. Conclusion It is clear that one of the significant impacts of immigration is the increase in religious diversity. Religion, to some extent, is use as an indication of the geography of certain migrant populations. Australia-born children of some immigrant groups are continuing associations with their parents’ religious adherence. While recent immigration has been the prime factor in changing religious diversity in Australia, immigration waves occurring some generations ago have also contributed to spatial distribution and religious affiliation. With the rise of religious diversity through the migrant process, religious identity has taken on renewed significance and the consumption or display of religious markers have again become part of identities that differentiate people. Religious identity is replacing class and joining ethnicity and lifestyle as salient demarcating identities. Research Papers on Diversification of religion in Australia through migrant processesCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Assess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito

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